using System;
using System.Buffers;
using System.Buffers.Binary;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
using System.IO;
using System.Net.Sockets;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Npgsql.Util;
using static System.Threading.Timeout;

#pragma warning disable CS1591 // Missing XML comment for publicly visible type or member

namespace Npgsql.Internal;

/// <summary>
/// A buffer used by Npgsql to read data from the socket efficiently.
/// Provides methods which decode different values types and tracks the current position.
/// </summary>
public sealed partial class NpgsqlReadBuffer : IDisposable
{
    #region Fields and Properties

    public NpgsqlConnection Connection => Connector.Connection!;

    internal readonly NpgsqlConnector Connector;

    internal Stream Underlying { private get; set; }

    readonly Socket? _underlyingSocket;

    internal ResettableCancellationTokenSource Cts { get; }

    TimeSpan _preTranslatedTimeout = TimeSpan.Zero;

    /// <summary>
    /// Timeout for sync and async reads
    /// </summary>
    internal TimeSpan Timeout
    {
        get => _preTranslatedTimeout;
        set
        {
            if (_preTranslatedTimeout != value)
            {
                _preTranslatedTimeout = value;

                if (value == TimeSpan.Zero)
                    value = InfiniteTimeSpan;
                else if (value < TimeSpan.Zero)
                    value = TimeSpan.Zero;

                Debug.Assert(_underlyingSocket != null);

                _underlyingSocket.ReceiveTimeout = (int)value.TotalMilliseconds;
                Cts.Timeout = value;
            }
        }
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// The total byte length of the buffer.
    /// </summary>
    internal int Size { get; }

    internal Encoding TextEncoding { get; }

    /// <summary>
    /// Same as <see cref="TextEncoding"/>, except that it does not throw an exception if an invalid char is
    /// encountered (exception fallback), but rather replaces it with a question mark character (replacement
    /// fallback).
    /// </summary>
    internal Encoding RelaxedTextEncoding { get; }

    internal int ReadPosition { get; set; }
    internal int ReadBytesLeft => FilledBytes - ReadPosition;

    internal readonly byte[] Buffer;
    internal int FilledBytes;

    ColumnStream? _columnStream;

    bool _usePool;
    bool _disposed;

    /// <summary>
    /// The minimum buffer size possible.
    /// </summary>
    internal const int MinimumSize = 4096;
    internal const int DefaultSize = 8192;

    #endregion

    #region Constructors

    internal NpgsqlReadBuffer(
        NpgsqlConnector connector,
        Stream stream,
        Socket? socket,
        int size,
        Encoding textEncoding,
        Encoding relaxedTextEncoding,
        bool usePool = false)
    {
        if (size < MinimumSize)
        {
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(size), size, "Buffer size must be at least " + MinimumSize);
        }

        Connector = connector;
        Underlying = stream;
        _underlyingSocket = socket;
        Cts = new ResettableCancellationTokenSource();
        Buffer = usePool ? ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(size) : new byte[size];
        Size = Buffer.Length;
        _usePool = usePool;

        TextEncoding = textEncoding;
        RelaxedTextEncoding = relaxedTextEncoding;
    }

    #endregion

    #region I/O

    internal void Ensure(int count)
    {
        if (count <= ReadBytesLeft)
            return;
        Ensure(count, false).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
    }

    public Task Ensure(int count, bool async)
        => Ensure(count, async, readingNotifications: false);

    public Task EnsureAsync(int count)
        => Ensure(count, async: true, readingNotifications: false);

    /// <summary>
    /// Ensures that <paramref name="count"/> bytes are available in the buffer, and if
    /// not, reads from the socket until enough is available.
    /// </summary>
    internal Task Ensure(int count, bool async, bool readingNotifications)
    {
        return count <= ReadBytesLeft ? Task.CompletedTask : EnsureLong(this, count, async, readingNotifications);

        static async Task EnsureLong(
            NpgsqlReadBuffer buffer,
            int count,
            bool async,
            bool readingNotifications)
        {
            Debug.Assert(count <= buffer.Size);
            Debug.Assert(count > buffer.ReadBytesLeft);
            count -= buffer.ReadBytesLeft;
            if (count <= 0) { return; }

            if (buffer.ReadPosition == buffer.FilledBytes)
            {
                buffer.Clear();
            }
            else if (count > buffer.Size - buffer.FilledBytes)
            {
                Array.Copy(buffer.Buffer, buffer.ReadPosition, buffer.Buffer, 0, buffer.ReadBytesLeft);
                buffer.FilledBytes = buffer.ReadBytesLeft;
                buffer.ReadPosition = 0;
            }

            var finalCt = async && buffer.Timeout != TimeSpan.Zero
                ? buffer.Cts.Start()
                : buffer.Cts.Reset();

            var totalRead = 0;
            while (count > 0)
            {
                try
                {
                    var toRead = buffer.Size - buffer.FilledBytes;
                    var read = async
                        ? await buffer.Underlying.ReadAsync(buffer.Buffer.AsMemory(buffer.FilledBytes, toRead), finalCt)
                        : buffer.Underlying.Read(buffer.Buffer, buffer.FilledBytes, toRead);

                    if (read == 0)
                        throw new EndOfStreamException();
                    count -= read;
                    buffer.FilledBytes += read;
                    totalRead += read;

                    // Most of the time, it should be fine to reset cancellation token source, so we can use it again
                    // It's still possible for cancellation token to cancel between reading and resetting (although highly improbable)
                    // In this case, we consider it as timed out and fail with OperationCancelledException on next ReadAsync
                    // Or we consider it not timed out if we have already read everything (count == 0)
                    // In which case we reinitialize it on the next call to EnsureLong()
                    if (async)
                        buffer.Cts.RestartTimeoutWithoutReset();
                }
                catch (Exception e)
                {
                    var connector = buffer.Connector;

                    // Stopping twice (in case the previous Stop() call succeeded) doesn't hurt.
                    // Not stopping will cause an assertion failure in debug mode when we call Start() the next time.
                    // We can't stop in a finally block because Connector.Break() will dispose the buffer and the contained
                    // _timeoutCts
                    buffer.Cts.Stop();

                    switch (e)
                    {
                    // Read timeout
                    case OperationCanceledException:
                    // Note that mono throws SocketException with the wrong error (see #1330)
                    case IOException when (e.InnerException as SocketException)?.SocketErrorCode ==
                                            (Type.GetType("Mono.Runtime") == null ? SocketError.TimedOut : SocketError.WouldBlock):
                    {
                        Debug.Assert(e is OperationCanceledException ? async : !async);

                        var isStreamBroken = false;
#if NETSTANDARD2_0
                        // SslStream on .NET Framework treats any IOException (including timeouts) as fatal and may
                        // return garbage if reused. To prevent this, we flow down and break the connection immediately.
                        // See #4305.
                        isStreamBroken = connector.IsSecure && e is IOException;
#endif

                        if (!isStreamBroken)
                        {
                            // When reading notifications (Wait), just throw TimeoutException or
                            // OperationCanceledException immediately.
                            // Nothing to cancel, and no breaking of the connection.
                            if (readingNotifications)
                                throw CreateException(connector);

                            // If we should attempt PostgreSQL cancellation, do it the first time we get a timeout.
                            // TODO: As an optimization, we can still attempt to send a cancellation request, but after
                            // that immediately break the connection
                            if (connector.AttemptPostgresCancellation &&
                                !connector.PostgresCancellationPerformed &&
                                connector.PerformPostgresCancellation())
                            {
                                // Note that if the cancellation timeout is negative, we flow down and break the
                                // connection immediately.
                                var cancellationTimeout = connector.Settings.CancellationTimeout;
                                if (cancellationTimeout >= 0)
                                {
                                    if (cancellationTimeout > 0)
                                        buffer.Timeout = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(cancellationTimeout);

                                    if (async)
                                        finalCt = buffer.Cts.Start();

                                    continue;
                                }
                            }
                        }

                        // If we're here, the PostgreSQL cancellation either failed or skipped entirely.
                        // Break the connection, bubbling up the correct exception type (cancellation or timeout)
                        throw connector.Break(CreateException(connector));

                        static Exception CreateException(NpgsqlConnector connector)
                            => !connector.UserCancellationRequested
                                ? NpgsqlTimeoutException()
                                : connector.PostgresCancellationPerformed
                                    ? new OperationCanceledException("Query was cancelled", TimeoutException(), connector.UserCancellationToken)
                                    : new OperationCanceledException("Query was cancelled", connector.UserCancellationToken);
                    }

                    default:
                        throw connector.Break(new NpgsqlException("Exception while reading from stream", e));
                    }
                }
            }

            buffer.Cts.Stop();
            NpgsqlEventSource.Log.BytesRead(totalRead);

            static Exception NpgsqlTimeoutException() => new NpgsqlException("Exception while reading from stream", TimeoutException());

            static Exception TimeoutException() => new TimeoutException("Timeout during reading attempt");
        }
    }

    internal void ReadMore() => ReadMore(false).GetAwaiter().GetResult();

    internal Task ReadMore(bool async) => Ensure(ReadBytesLeft + 1, async);

    internal NpgsqlReadBuffer AllocateOversize(int count)
    {
        Debug.Assert(count > Size);
        var tempBuf = new NpgsqlReadBuffer(Connector, Underlying, _underlyingSocket, count, TextEncoding, RelaxedTextEncoding, usePool: true);
        if (_underlyingSocket != null)
            tempBuf.Timeout = Timeout;
        CopyTo(tempBuf);
        Clear();
        return tempBuf;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Does not perform any I/O - assuming that the bytes to be skipped are in the memory buffer.
    /// </summary>
    /// <param name="len"></param>
    internal void Skip(long len)
    {
        Debug.Assert(ReadBytesLeft >= len);
        ReadPosition += (int)len;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Skip a given number of bytes.
    /// </summary>
    public async Task Skip(long len, bool async)
    {
        Debug.Assert(len >= 0);

        if (len > ReadBytesLeft)
        {
            len -= ReadBytesLeft;
            while (len > Size)
            {
                Clear();
                await Ensure(Size, async);
                len -= Size;
            }
            Clear();
            await Ensure((int)len, async);
        }

        ReadPosition += (int)len;
    }

    #endregion

    #region Read Simple

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public sbyte ReadSByte() => Read<sbyte>();

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public byte ReadByte() => Read<byte>();

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public short ReadInt16()
        => ReadInt16(false);

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public short ReadInt16(bool littleEndian)
    {
        var result = Read<short>();
        return littleEndian == BitConverter.IsLittleEndian
            ? result : BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(result);
    }

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public ushort ReadUInt16()
        => ReadUInt16(false);

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public ushort ReadUInt16(bool littleEndian)
    {
        var result = Read<ushort>();
        return littleEndian == BitConverter.IsLittleEndian
            ? result : BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(result);
    }

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public int ReadInt32()
        => ReadInt32(false);

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public int ReadInt32(bool littleEndian)
    {
        var result = Read<int>();
        return littleEndian == BitConverter.IsLittleEndian
            ? result : BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(result);
    }

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public uint ReadUInt32()
        => ReadUInt32(false);

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public uint ReadUInt32(bool littleEndian)
    {
        var result = Read<uint>();
        return littleEndian == BitConverter.IsLittleEndian
            ? result : BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(result);
    }

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public long ReadInt64()
        => ReadInt64(false);

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public long ReadInt64(bool littleEndian)
    {
        var result = Read<long>();
        return littleEndian == BitConverter.IsLittleEndian
            ? result : BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(result);
    }

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public ulong ReadUInt64()
        => ReadUInt64(false);

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public ulong ReadUInt64(bool littleEndian)
    {
        var result = Read<ulong>();
        return littleEndian == BitConverter.IsLittleEndian
            ? result : BinaryPrimitives.ReverseEndianness(result);
    }

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public float ReadSingle()
        => ReadSingle(false);

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public float ReadSingle(bool littleEndian)
    {
        var result = ReadInt32(littleEndian);
        return Unsafe.As<int, float>(ref result);
    }

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public double ReadDouble()
        => ReadDouble(false);

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    public double ReadDouble(bool littleEndian)
    {
        var result = ReadInt64(littleEndian);
        return Unsafe.As<long, double>(ref result);
    }

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
    T Read<T>()
    {
        if (Unsafe.SizeOf<T>() > ReadBytesLeft)
            ThrowNotSpaceLeft();

        var result = Unsafe.ReadUnaligned<T>(ref Buffer[ReadPosition]);
        ReadPosition += Unsafe.SizeOf<T>();
        return result;
    }

    [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.NoInlining)]
    static void ThrowNotSpaceLeft()
        => throw new InvalidOperationException("There is not enough space left in the buffer.");

    public string ReadString(int byteLen)
    {
        Debug.Assert(byteLen <= ReadBytesLeft);
        var result = TextEncoding.GetString(Buffer, ReadPosition, byteLen);
        ReadPosition += byteLen;
        return result;
    }

    public char[] ReadChars(int byteLen)
    {
        Debug.Assert(byteLen <= ReadBytesLeft);
        var result = TextEncoding.GetChars(Buffer, ReadPosition, byteLen);
        ReadPosition += byteLen;
        return result;
    }

    public void ReadBytes(Span<byte> output)
    {
        Debug.Assert(output.Length <= ReadBytesLeft);
        new Span<byte>(Buffer, ReadPosition, output.Length).CopyTo(output);
        ReadPosition += output.Length;
    }

    public void ReadBytes(byte[] output, int outputOffset, int len)
        => ReadBytes(new Span<byte>(output, outputOffset, len));

    public ReadOnlySpan<byte> ReadSpan(int len)
    {
        Debug.Assert(len <= ReadBytesLeft);
        var span = new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(Buffer, ReadPosition, len);
        ReadPosition += len;
        return span;
    }

    public ReadOnlyMemory<byte> ReadMemory(int len)
    {
        Debug.Assert(len <= ReadBytesLeft);
        var memory = new ReadOnlyMemory<byte>(Buffer, ReadPosition, len);
        ReadPosition += len;
        return memory;
    }

    #endregion

    #region Read Complex

    public int Read(Span<byte> output)
    {
        var readFromBuffer = Math.Min(ReadBytesLeft, output.Length);
        if (readFromBuffer > 0)
        {
            new Span<byte>(Buffer, ReadPosition, readFromBuffer).CopyTo(output);
            ReadPosition += readFromBuffer;
            return readFromBuffer;
        }

        if (output.Length == 0)
            return 0;

        Debug.Assert(ReadBytesLeft == 0);
        Clear();
        try
        {
            var read = Underlying.Read(output);
            if (read == 0)
                throw new EndOfStreamException();
            return read;
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            throw Connector.Break(new NpgsqlException("Exception while reading from stream", e));
        }
    }

    public ValueTask<int> ReadAsync(Memory<byte> output, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
    {
        if (output.Length == 0)
            return new ValueTask<int>(0);

        var readFromBuffer = Math.Min(ReadBytesLeft, output.Length);
        if (readFromBuffer > 0)
        {
            new Span<byte>(Buffer, ReadPosition, readFromBuffer).CopyTo(output.Span);
            ReadPosition += readFromBuffer;
            return new ValueTask<int>(readFromBuffer);
        }

        return ReadAsyncLong(this, output, cancellationToken);

        static async ValueTask<int> ReadAsyncLong(NpgsqlReadBuffer buffer, Memory<byte> output, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            Debug.Assert(buffer.ReadBytesLeft == 0);
            buffer.Clear();
            try
            {
                var read = await buffer.Underlying.ReadAsync(output, cancellationToken);
                if (read == 0)
                    throw new EndOfStreamException();
                return read;
            }
            catch (Exception e)
            {
                throw buffer.Connector.Break(new NpgsqlException("Exception while reading from stream", e));
            }
        }
    }

    public Stream GetStream(int len, bool canSeek)
    {
        if (_columnStream == null)
            _columnStream = new ColumnStream(Connector);

        _columnStream.Init(len, canSeek);
        return _columnStream;
    }

    /// <summary>
    /// Seeks the first null terminator (\0) and returns the string up to it. The buffer must already
    /// contain the entire string and its terminator.
    /// </summary>
    public string ReadNullTerminatedString()
        => ReadNullTerminatedString(TextEncoding, async: false).GetAwaiter().GetResult();

    /// <summary>
    /// Seeks the first null terminator (\0) and returns the string up to it. The buffer must already
    /// contain the entire string and its terminator. If any character could not be decoded, a question
    /// mark character is returned instead of throwing an exception.
    /// </summary>
    public string ReadNullTerminatedStringRelaxed()
        => ReadNullTerminatedString(RelaxedTextEncoding, async: false).GetAwaiter().GetResult();

    public ValueTask<string> ReadNullTerminatedString(bool async, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
        => ReadNullTerminatedString(TextEncoding, async, cancellationToken);

    /// <summary>
    /// Seeks the first null terminator (\0) and returns the string up to it. Reads additional data from the network if a null
    /// terminator isn't found in the buffered data.
    /// </summary>
    ValueTask<string> ReadNullTerminatedString(Encoding encoding, bool async, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
    {
        for (var i = ReadPosition; i < FilledBytes; i++)
        {
            if (Buffer[i] == 0)
            {
                var byteLen = i - ReadPosition;
                var result = new ValueTask<string>(encoding.GetString(Buffer, ReadPosition, byteLen));
                ReadPosition += byteLen + 1;
                return result;
            }
        }

        return ReadLong(async);

        async ValueTask<string> ReadLong(bool async)
        {
            var chunkSize = FilledBytes - ReadPosition;
            var tempBuf = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(chunkSize + 1024);

            try
            {
                bool foundTerminator;
                var byteLen = chunkSize;
                Array.Copy(Buffer, ReadPosition, tempBuf, 0, chunkSize);
                ReadPosition += chunkSize;

                do
                {
                    await ReadMore(async);
                    Debug.Assert(ReadPosition == 0);

                    foundTerminator = false;
                    int i;
                    for (i = 0; i < FilledBytes; i++)
                    {
                        if (Buffer[i] == 0)
                        {
                            foundTerminator = true;
                            break;
                        }
                    }

                    if (byteLen + i > tempBuf.Length)
                    {
                        var newTempBuf = ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Rent(
                            foundTerminator ? byteLen + i : byteLen + i + 1024);

                        Array.Copy(tempBuf, 0, newTempBuf, 0, byteLen);
                        ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(tempBuf);
                        tempBuf = newTempBuf;
                    }

                    Array.Copy(Buffer, 0, tempBuf, byteLen, i);
                    byteLen += i;
                    ReadPosition = i;
                } while (!foundTerminator);

                ReadPosition++;
                return encoding.GetString(tempBuf, 0, byteLen);
            }
            finally
            {
                ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(tempBuf);
            }
        }
    }

    public ReadOnlySpan<byte> GetNullTerminatedBytes()
    {
        int i;
        for (i = ReadPosition; Buffer[i] != 0; i++)
            Debug.Assert(i <= ReadPosition + ReadBytesLeft);
        Debug.Assert(i >= ReadPosition);

        var result = new ReadOnlySpan<byte>(Buffer, ReadPosition, i - ReadPosition);
        ReadPosition = i + 1;
        return result;
    }

    #endregion

    #region Dispose

    public void Dispose()
    {
        if (_disposed)
            return;

        if (_usePool)
            ArrayPool<byte>.Shared.Return(Buffer);

        Cts.Dispose();
        _disposed = true;
    }

    #endregion

    #region Misc

    internal void Clear()
    {
        ReadPosition = 0;
        FilledBytes = 0;
    }

    internal void CopyTo(NpgsqlReadBuffer other)
    {
        Debug.Assert(other.Size - other.FilledBytes >= ReadBytesLeft);
        Array.Copy(Buffer, ReadPosition, other.Buffer, other.FilledBytes, ReadBytesLeft);
        other.FilledBytes += ReadBytesLeft;
    }

    #endregion
}